Part 1 Rich and Poor

4 Target Words

Word	Meaning	Common collocations	Word forms	Example sentence	Memory tip
affluent 🔊 /ˈæf.lu.ənt/	Having a great deal of money and wealth; well-off.	affluent suburb affluent lifestyle	affluence (n)	"Children raised in affluent neighborhoods typically enjoy better-funded schools."	Picture: Money flowing in like a river (fluent/flowing with cash).
deprivation 🔊 /ˌdep.rɪˈveɪ.ʃən/	A damaging lack of the basic necessities of life.	severe deprivation social deprivation	deprive (v), deprived (adj)	"Prolonged material deprivation during childhood restricts cognitive development."	Root: de- (away) + Latin privare (to take away): to take away what you need.
impoverished 🔊 /ɪmˈpɒv.ər.ɪʃt/	Made extremely poor or depleted of essential resources.	impoverished community impoverished soil	impoverish (v)	"The industrial collapse left behind impoverished rural towns with few opportunities."	Sound: Notice pover- inside (like poverty).
privileged 🔊 /ˈprɪv.əl.ɪdʒd/	Having special rights, status, or structural advantages.	privileged background privileged position	privilege (n)	"Graduates from privileged backgrounds often rely on family connections to secure jobs."	Contrast: Unearned advantage compared to hard struggle.

Part 2 Passing Wealth on and Moving Up

3 Target Words

Word	Meaning	Common collocations	Word forms	Example sentence	Memory tip
inheritance 🔊 /ɪnˈher.ɪ.təns/	Money, property, or titles received from someone after death.	inheritance tax substantial inheritance	inherit (v)	"A large inheritance gives younger generations an unfair head start in home ownership."	Picture: Receiving an heir's share handed down.
mobility 🔊 /məʊˈbɪl.ə.ti/	The ability to move between different social or economic classes.	social mobility upward mobility	mobile (adj)	"Affordable university tuition is essential to foster upward social mobility."	Image: Like a mobile phone moves around, people move up or down the ladder.
redistribute 🔊 /ˌriː.dɪsˈtrɪb.juːt/	To distribute capital or property again in a more equitable manner.	redistribute wealth redistribute resources	redistribution (n)	"Progressive taxation aims to redistribute wealth to fund public hospitals and schools."	Breakdown: Re- (again) + distribute (share out).

Part 3 Causes and Responses

3 Target Words

Word	Meaning	Common collocations	Word forms	Example sentence	Memory tip
marginalised 🔊 /ˈmɑː.dʒɪ.nəl.aɪzd/	Treated as insignificant or pushed to the edge of society.	marginalised groups feel marginalised	marginalise (v)	"Without targeted legal protection, minority communities risk remaining marginalised."	Picture: Pushed out into the empty margins of a page.
entrenched 🔊 /ɪnˈtrentʃt/	Firmly established and difficult or unlikely to change.	entrenched attitudes deeply entrenched	entrench (v)	"Economic advantages have become deeply entrenched across successive generations."	Image: Soldiers dug deep into trenches; impossible to dislodge.
alleviate 🔊 /əˈliː.vi.eɪt/	To make suffering, deficiency, or a problem less severe.	alleviate poverty alleviate suffering	alleviation (n)	"Emergency food banks help alleviate hunger, but systemic reforms are still required."	Sound: Sounds like relieve (making a heavy load lighter).

____ poverty ____ wealth ____ mobility ____ privilege

____ deprivation ____ wealth ____ mobility ____ alleviation

____ resources ____ deprivation ____ hardship ____ impoverishment

____ mobility ____ inequality ____ alleviation ____ charity

affluent marginalised mobility impoverished

____ (Type word here...)

____ (Type word here...)

____ (Type word here...)

____ (Type word here...)

Exercise 3 • Context Sensitivity

Select the single most precise word for each academic context.

09 The study examined how families living in ______ districts maintain distinct private leisure networks.

10 The index combines measurements of housing quality, income, and health to calculate multi-dimensional ______.

11 Elite internships are disproportionately awarded to candidates from ______ families.

12 Prejudices against working-class accents remain deeply ______ within traditional corporate leadership.

Exercise 4 • Word Formation

Convert the root word in parentheses into its correct grammatical form.

13 The outward signs of ______ (affluent) were evident in the luxury boutiques lining the avenue.

Form needed: Noun

14 Students from severely ______ (deprivation) backgrounds require targeted tutorial grants.

Form needed: Adjective

15 Economists debated whether a fairer ______ (redistribute) of revenue could prevent recession.

Form needed: Noun

16 The international summit focused primarily on the ______ (alleviate) of regional debt.

Form needed: Noun

alleviate severe poverty

[Bài tập luyện nói]

____

inherit generational wealth

[Bài tập luyện nói]

____

redistribute national resources

[Bài tập luyện nói]

____

entrench social inequality

[Bài tập luyện nói]

____

"Affluent households often live in suburban enclaves."

[Bài tập luyện nói]

____

"Deprivation creates systemic barriers in schooling."

[Bài tập luyện nói]

____

"Growing up in an impoverished neighborhood reduces long-term social mobility."

[Bài tập luyện nói]

____

"Those from privileged backgrounds maintain greater access to competitive careers."

[Bài tập luyện nói]

____

"Progressive taxes can redistribute capital and reduce disparities."

[Bài tập luyện nói]

____

"Governments must empower marginalised communities."

[Bài tập luyện nói]

____

deprivation

Phonetic: /ˌdep.rɪˈveɪ.ʃən/ (secondary stress on 'dep', primary on 'vay')

[Bài tập luyện nói]

____

marginalised

Phonetic: /ˈmɑː.dʒɪ.nəl.aɪzd/ (strong first-syllable emphasis)

[Bài tập luyện nói]

____